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Introduction
The Title Page
Titles
Word Division
Numbers
The Research Paper
The Thesis
Sample Outline
Crediting Your Sources
Plagiarism
Paraphrasing
Direct Quotations
Common Knowledge
In-Text/Parenthetical Documentation
Library Information
Thesis
Body
Works Cited
Introduction
This booklet has been prepared for use as a style manual with the approval of the Board of Education. It establishes standards to be applied to all formal writing assignments in all disciplines within the Morris Hills Regional District. The following sources were consulted as guidelines for compiling the manual: Mary E. Llewellyn's Citations for Nonprint Media Formats; Joseph Gibaldi and Modern Language Association of America’s MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, Seventh Ed. New York: Modern Language Association of America, 2009; and Diana Hacker: Documenting Sources: A Hacker Handbook Supplement, 3rd Ed. Boston and New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2008. Diana Hacker.com.Web. 12 Apr 2010. <http://www.dianahacker.com/resdoc/>.
Revised by: Jason Collinsworth and Rich Luttenberger, Spring 2010.
Disclaimer
MLA style is the recommended format for writing research papers in the Morris Hills Regional District. However, certain disciplines may require use of APA, Chicago, or CSE styles. To access these format guidelines, we recommend use of Diana Hacker’s research and documentation website: http://www.dianahacker.com/resdoc/
MLA does not formally require a cover page. Instead, include at the top left of the first page of your paper your name, your teacher’s name, course title, and date of submission. This information is double spaced.
Next, create an original title for your paper and center it. Then double space and begin the body of your paper.
Purty 1 Carla Purty Professor Klump Literature and Composition 17 May 2009 Hercules: Champ or Chump? Begin body of your paper here. |
Titles
I. Italicize the names of books, publications, radio and television programs, films, artistic works, pamphlets, long poems, operas, motion pictures, ships, and sound recording albums.
Type: Example:
A. Books: Twilight
B. Charts, graphs, maps: Using Your Library
C. Long Poems: Paradise Lost
D. Magazines: Time
E. Motion Pictures: Forrest Gump
F. Newspapers: The New York Times
G. Operas: The Marriage of Figaro
H. Paintings: Mona Lisa
I. Pamphlets: Report on Drug Abuse
J. Plays: Hamlet
K. Radio Programs: Rambling with Gambling
L. Ships: Titanic
M. Sound Recording (Records/Tapes): Born in the U.S.A.
N. TV Programs: The Simpsons
O. Court Cases: Marbury v. Madison
P. Online Databases: Opposing Viewpoints
Q. Web Sites: Purdue Online Writing Lab
II. Enclose in quotation marks the titles of stories, essays, short poems, songs, and magazine or newspaper articles.
Type: Example:
A. Short Story: "The Gift of the Magi"
B. Essay: "Common Sense"
C. Short Poem: "The Road Not Taken"
D. Song: "America The Beautiful"
E. Magazine Article: "1993 in Review"
F. Newspaper Article: "Kid Directs Traffic at JFK"
G. Chapters of Books: “A Mad Tea Party”
H. Pages in Web Sites: “General Writing Resources”
I. Individual TV and Radio Episodes: “Treehouse of Horror”
J. Lectures and Speeches: “I Have a Dream”
III. Capitalize the first word of a title and then all other important words.
A. Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone
B. The Chronicles of Narnia
Word Division
I. The division of words should be avoided.
II. When it is necessary to hyphenate a word, use the rules listed below:
A. Divide words only between syllables.
1. cus-tom
2. slo-gan
3. fol-low-ing
B. Do not divide words of one syllable or their plurals.
1. strength
2. face
3. edges
C. Do not separate a one or two-letter syllable at the beginning or end of a word.
Numbers
I. A number at the beginning of a sentence is always written out: One thousand four hundred people voted "yes."
II. Within a sentence, numbers of more than two digits are usually written in figures.
A. The cost was less than twelve dollars.
B. I'll be there at nine o'clock.
C. The Senior Class collected 7,196 pennies.
D. Over 450 people died in the explosion.
III. Within a sentence, however, the form used for all numbers should be the same. The child collected 135 pennies, 254 nickels, 15 dimes, and 2 pennies.
IV. For fractions and compound numbers from twenty-one through ninety-nine, a hyphen is used.
A. He drove twenty-six miles daily.
B. The child devoured two-thirds of the cake.
V. Figures are used for house numbers.
B. Donald lived at 57-25 W. 57th St.
VI. The plural of a number is made by adding an apostrophe then the “s”
A. We have three 4's in our telephone number.
VII. Business usage frequently prefers these forms:
A. No colon or zeros when writing the even hour of day. (i.e. Use 10 a.m. and
not 10:00 a.m.)
B. No decimal point or zeros when writing even sums of money. (i.e. Use $2 and
not $2.00.)
C. Use numerals with the word cents. (i.e. Use 50 cents and not 50¢).
Research Paper
I. A research paper, sometimes called a term paper, is the written result of diligent research of a particular subject. The writer uses what others have written and organizes this matter into a new, original product. Since it is a factual account, the language in a research paper must be formal in tone.
II. The essential parts of the research paper are as follows:
A. Thesis
B. Outline
C. Body of paper (Introduction, Body, Conclusion)
D. In-text documentation
E. Appendix (optional)
F. Works Cited
III. Procedures
A. Select an appropriate topic and write a preliminary thesis statement.
B. Do preliminary research to determine how much information on your topic is available.
C. Narrow the topic down, so that it can be fully covered within your paper's limitations.
D. Make a preliminary outline to act as a research guide.
E. Track down relevant sources, both primary and secondary, and record each one
on an index card.
F. Read extensively on your topic and take pertinent notes.
1. Include the following information on note cards:
a. Subject divisions, taken from your preliminary outline
b. One piece of information or evidence from your source.
2. Make sure the information is accurately noted.
3. Enclose in quotation marks material borrowed word-for-word from a
source.
G. Revise your outline as needed, based on your research findings.
H. Fill in any weak areas with information from additional reading.
I. Arrange notes (notecards) to correspond with your outline.
J. Write a rough draft.
K. Revise, edit and rewrite your paper.
L. Keep the original draft.
M. Save an electronic file and at least one backup file.
N. Submit your paper to http://www.turnitin.com
O. Provide a title for your paper that is both interesting and informative (optional).
The Thesis
A thesis is a single declarative sentence that establishes the central purpose of the paper, or offers a hypothesis which can be proved or disproved in the paper. The thesis should be placed on a separate page or above the outline.
Rules for Creating an Outline*
I. Place the title above the outline. It is not one of the numbered or lettered parts of the
outline. It should be centered utilizing the same font you used in your paper. Do not use
italics, underlining, or bold face for your title.
II. Use Roman numerals for main topics. Use capital letters for subtopics. If further
outlining is necessary, use Arabic numbers then lower case letters.
III. As a general rule, if you have a Roman numeral “I”, you must have a Roman numeral
“II”. If you have a capital “A”, then you need a capital “B”, etc.
IV. Indent subtopics 5 spaces. Line up all letters or numerals of the same kind.
V. Express topics in the outline in words, phrases, or clauses, not complete sentences.
VI. Begin each topic with a capital letter.
VII. Avoid the words Introduction, Body, Conclusion as topics or subtopics in an outline.
VIII. Outline should be double spaced.
IX. Use parallel structure.
*Note: You may also use a sentence outline, in which case each topic and subtopic must be a complete sentence. Also, your teacher may require you to double space your outline. This is at the discretion of your teacher.
Study the Following Sample Outline:
Lincoln's Assassination: A Murder Mystery
Thesis: There are many unexplained events in connection with the death of Abraham Lincoln.
I. Before the assassination
A. Lincoln's premonitions of approaching death
1. Dreams
2. Philosophy
3. Conversations
B. Lincoln's lack of security protection
1. Unreliable personal bodyguard
2. Broken theater box lock
3. Undetected theater box peep hole
C. Lincoln's difficulty in obtaining guests for the performance
1. Grant accepting invitation as Lincoln's guest
2. Grant declining invitation to the performance
3. Lincoln finding himself on his own
II. About the assassination
A. A look at the assassin
B. Motives for the murder
C. Details of the shooting
D. Last words of Stanton
III. After the assassination
A. Booth's escape into Maryland
1. Passed through guard post
2. Aided by a physician
3. Hidden by Southern sympathizers
B. Stanton's lack of cooperation
1. Kept Booth's name from the press
2. Showed no interest in John Surrat's capture
Crediting your Sources
You must, of course, give credit to the sources used in the preparation of your paper. Sources should be credited using in-text documentation. Follow your teacher's instructions as to which format to use.
Plagiarism
Plagiarism is a word that comes to us from a Latin word meaning kidnapper. We use it to mean using another person's language or ideas without giving credit. All borrowed information must be cited in your paper.
Unless you are directly quoting the material from your source, you must paraphrase or summarize the material, and it still must be cited. Transposing or substituting a few words will not create a paraphrase or summary. Likewise, when whole phrases are lifted out and put into a framework of your own wording or into a "different" arrangement of the original, the result is also plagiarism.
The Morris Hills Regional District considers plagiarism, whether it be accidental or deliberate, so serious an offense that you will receive a grade of zero on any assignment that is plagiarized.
Paraphrasing
I. Paraphrasing means that you express an author's ideas completely in your own words without distorting the meaning of the original passage.
II. Use paraphrase as your most common note form. Make this the form that you always use unless you have a good reason to quote your source or to summarize it.
III. Any key words from the original passage that appear in your paraphrase must be enclosed in quotation marks.
IV. Provide in-text documentation for the idea you are paraphrasing. Although the words in a paraphrase may truly be your own, the ideas are not.
Summarizing
I. Summarizing means that you express an author's ideas completely in your own words without distorting the meaning of the original passage, but you shorten the length of the original passage.
II. Any key words from the original passage that appear in your summary must be enclosed in quotation marks.
IV. Provide in-text documentation for the idea you are summarizing. Although the words in a summary may truly be your own, the ideas are not.
Quoting
I. All quotations used in a paper must be attributed to the author or the source in the text of the paper. Enclose exact words in quotation marks.
A. Yogi Berra once said, "When you come to a fork in the road, take it."
B. "Boldness has genius, power, and magic in it," as is written in Faust.
II. When a quotation is longer than four typed lines of prose or three lines of verse, set it off from the text by indenting the entire quotation one inch (or ten spaces) from the left margin. Double-space the indented quotation, and don't add extra space above or below it. Indented quotations are not enclosed in quotation marks.
III. Use direct quotation when the source material is especially well-stated; that is, when it is memorable because of its succinctness, its clarity, its liveliness, its elegance of expression, or its other exceptional qualities. Also, use direct quotation when the exact wording is important historically, legally, or as a matter of definition.
Common Knowledge
I. If you find the same information in at least five sources, by different authors, you may consider that it is common knowledge. For example, an author's date of birth would be considered common knowledge.
II. Common knowledge information need not be credited.
III. You must, upon request, be able to substantiate that you found the information in sources by five different authors.
IV. If you are in doubt that a piece of information falls into the realm of common knowledge, then document it.
In-text/Parenthetical Documentation
The use of parenthetical references instead of endnotes simplifies the process by which you indicate how much information you have borrowed and where it can be located. The purpose of a parenthetical reference is to document a source briefly, clearly, and accurately. Brevity can be accomplished in three ways.
1. Cite the author's last name and the page number(s) of the source in parentheses.
Example: One historian argues that the telephone (and certainly the advertising that lauded its innovations) created "a new habit of mind - a habit of tenseness and alertness, of demanding and expecting immediate results" (Brooks 117-18).
2 . Use the author's last name in your sentence and place only the page number(s) of the source in parentheses.
Example: Brooks points out that the telephone (and certainly the advertising that lauded its innovations) created "a new habit of mind - a habit of tenseness and alertness, of demanding and expecting immediate results" (117-18).
3. Give the author's last name in your sentence when you are citing the entire work rather than a specific section or passage and omit any parenthetical references.
Example: Brooks argues that the history of the telephone is characterized by innovations that have changed public attitudes toward technology.
Although each in-text reference is brief, it will not be clear or accurate unless it refers readers to a specific and complete citation listed in Works Cited.
Placing and Punctuating the Parenthetic Reference
To avoid unnecessary clutter in sentences, place the parenthetical reference at the end of the sentence, but before the final period. (Note that there is no punctuation mark between the author's name and the page citation).
Example: In our rapidly changing world, "new aspects of the national personality may be suddenly brought to light by a political or military event" (Hardwick 130-31).
On some occasions you may want to place the reference within your sentence to clarify its relationship to that part of the sentence it documents. In such instances, place the reference at the end of a clause (where a pause would occur) but before the necessary punctuation.
Example: Hardwick observes the "new aspect of the national personality may be suddenly brought to light by a political or military event" (130-31); this has been amply illustrated during the past twenty-five years.
Finally, when the reference documents a long quotation set off from the text, place it at the end of the passage, but before the final period.
Example: Elizabeth Hardwick doubts the permanence of any opinions about national character in a rapidly changing world:
Now, when the outside world seems to change more rapidly and more drastically than ever before, the amount of revision the busy opinionizer will be in for is too much to be practical. Even such a profound matter as the education of the young was changed, in the mind of important sections of our society, by the news of Sputnik and by that alone. New aspects of the national personality may be suddenly brought to light by a political or military event (130-31).
Your final Works Cited should give complete bibliographical entries for all sources that you have cited in your paper. If a work is not cited in the paper, then it does not belong on the Works Cited page.
Frequently you will need to cite sources that are not as straightforward as the examples given above; for example, sources with more than one author, or several sources by the same author. In those cases, you will need to modify the standard format discussed above. The following examples recommend methods for doing so. Each example of parenthetical reference is followed by the appropriate entry that would appear in the list of works cited.
1. AUTHOR NAMED IN A SIGNAL PHRASE
Ordinarily, introduce the material being cited with a signal phrase that includes the
author’s name. In addition to preparing readers for the source, the signal phrase allows you to keep the parenthetical citation brief.
Example: Frederick Lane reports that employers do not necessarily have to use software to monitor how their employees use the Web: employers can “use a hidden video camera pointed at an employee’s monitor” and even position a camera “so that a
number of monitors [can] be viewed at the same time” (147).
The signal phrase—Frederick Lane reports that—names the author; the parenthetical citation gives the page number of the book in which the quoted words may be found.
Notice that the period follows the parenthetical citation. When a quotation ends with a question mark or an exclamation point, leave the end punctuation inside the quotation mark and add a period after the parentheses: “. . . ?” (8).
2. AUTHOR NAMED IN PARENTHESES If a signal phrase does not
name the author, put the author’s last name in parentheses along with the page number.
Example: Companies can monitor employees’ every keystroke without legal penalty, but they may have to combat low morale as a result (Lane 129).
Use no punctuation between the author’s name and the page number.
3. AUTHOR UNKNOWN Either use the complete title in a signal phrase or use a short form of the title in parentheses. Titles of books are italicized; titles of articles are put in quotation marks.
Example: A popular keystroke logging program operates invisibly on workers’ computers yet provides supervisors with details of the workers’ online activities (“Automatically”).
TIP: Before assuming that a Web source has no author, do some detective work. Often the author’s name is available but is not easy to find. For example, it may appear at the end of the source, in tiny print. Or it may appear on another page of the site, such as the home page.
NOTE: If a source has no author and is sponsored by a corporate entity, such as an organization or a government agency, name the corporate entity as the author.
4. PAGE NUMBER UNKNOWN You may omit the page number if a work lacks page numbers, as is the case with many Web sources. Although printouts from Web sites usually show page numbers, printers do not always provide the same page breaks; for this reason, MLA recommends treating such sources as unpaginated in the in-text citation. (When the pages of a Web source are stable, as in PDF files, supply a page number in your in-text citation.)
Example: As a 2005 study by Salary.com and America Online indicates, the Internet ranked as the top choice among employees for ways of wasting time on the job; it beat talking with co-workers—the second most popular method--by a margin of nearly two to one (Frauenheim).
If a source has numbered paragraphs, sections, or screens, use “par.” (or “pars.”), “sec.” (or “secs.”), or “screen” (or “screens”) in the parentheses: (Smith, par. 4). Note that a comma follows the author’s name.
5. ONE-PAGE SOURCE If the source is one page long, MLA allows (but does not require) you to omit the page number. Many instructors will want you to supply the page number because without it readers may not know where your citation ends or, worse, may not realize that you have provided a citation at all.
No page number given
Anush Yegyazarian reports that in 2000 the National Labor Relations Board helped win restitution for two workers who had been dismissed because of inappropriate e-mail use.
Page number given
Anush Yegyazarian reports that in 2000 the National Labor Relations Board helped win restitution for two workers who had been dismissed because of inappropriate e-mail use. (62).
6. TWO OR MORE TITLES BY THE SAME AUTHOR If your list of works cited includes two or more titles by the same author, mention the title of the work in the signal phrase or include a short version of the title in the parentheses.
Example: The American Management Association and ePolicy Institute have
tracked employers’ practices in monitoring employees’ e-mail use. The groups’ 2003 survey found that one-third of companies had a policy of keeping and reviewing employees’ e-mail messages (“2003 E-mail” 2); in 2005, more than 55% of companies engaged in e-mail monitoring (“2005 Electronic” 1).
Titles of articles and other short works are placed in quotation marks, as in the example just given. Titles of books are italicized or underlined. In the rare case when both the author’s name and a short title must be given in parentheses, separate them with a comma.
Example: A 2004 survey found that 20% of employers responding had employees’ e-mail “subpoenaed in the course of a lawsuit or regulatory investigation,” up 7% from the previous year (Amer. Management Assn. and ePolicy Inst., “2004 Workplace” 1).
7. TWO OR THREE AUTHORS Name the authors in a signal phrase, as in the following example, or include their last names in the parenthetical reference: (Kizza and Ssanyu 2).
Example: Kizza and Ssanyu note that “employee monitoring is a dependable, capable, and very affordable process of electronically or otherwise recording all employee activities at work and also increasingly outside the workplace” (2).
When three authors are named in the parentheses, separate the names with commas: (Alton, Davies, and Rice 56).
8. FOUR OR MORE AUTHORS Name all of the authors or include only the first author’s name followed by “et al.” (Latin for “and others”). The format you use should match the format you use in the works cited entry.
Example: The study was extended for two years, and only after results were reviewed by an independent panel did the researchers publish their findings (Blaine et al. 35).
9. CORPORATE AUTHOR When the author is a corporation, an organization, or a government agency, name the corporate author either in the signal phrase or in the parentheses.
Example: According to a 2001 survey of human resources managers by the American Management Association, more than three-quarters of the responding companies reported disciplining employees for “misuse or personal use of office telecommunications equipment” (2).
In the list of works cited, the American Management Association is treated as the author and alphabetized under A.
When a government agency is treated as the author, it will be alphabetized in the list of works cited under the name of the government, such as United States. For this reason, you must name the government in your in-text citation.
Example: The United States Department of Transportation provides nationwide statistics on traffic fatalities.
10. AUTHORS WITH THE SAME LAST NAME If your list of works cited includes works by two or more authors with the same last name, include the author’s first name in the signal phrase or first initial in the parentheses.
Example: Estimates of the frequency with which employers monitor employees’ use of the Internet each day vary widely (A. Jones 15).
11. INDIRECT SOURCE (SOURCE QUOTED IN ANOTHER SOURCE) When
a writer’s or a speaker’s quoted words appear in a source written by someone else, begin the parenthetical citation with the abbreviation “qtd. in.”
Example: Researchers Botan and McCreadie point out that “workers are objects of information collection without participating in the process of exchanging the information . . .” (qtd. in Kizza and Ssanyu 14).
12. ENCYCLOPEDIA OR DICTIONARY Unless an encyclopedia or a dictionary has an author, it will be alphabetized in the list of works cited under the word or entry that you consulted—not under the title of the reference work itself. Either in your text or in your parenthetical reference, mention the word or the entry. No page number is required,
since readers can easily look up the word or entry.
Example: The word crocodile has a surprisingly complex etymology (“Crocodile”).
13. MULTIVOLUME WORK If your paper cites more than one volume of a multivolume work, indicate in the parentheses the volume you are referring to, followed by a colon and the page number.
Example: In his studies of gifted children, Terman describes a pattern of
accelerated language acquisition (2: 279).
If your paper cites only one volume of a multivolume work, you will include the volume number in the list of works cited and will not need to include it in the parentheses.
14. TWO OR MORE WORKS To cite more than one source in the parentheses, give the citations in alphabetical order and separate them with a semicolon.
Example: The effects of sleep deprivation have been well documented (Cahill
42; Leduc 114; Vasquez 73).
Multiple citations can be distracting, however, so you should not overuse the technique. If you want to alert readers to several sources that discuss a particular topic, consider using an information note instead
15. AN ENTIRE WORK Use the author’s name in a signal phrase or a parenthetical reference. There is, of course, no need to use a page number.
Example: Lane explores the evolution of surveillance in the workplace.
16. WORK IN AN ANTHOLOGY Put the name of the author of the work (not the editor of the anthology) in the signal phrase or the parentheses.
Example: In “A Jury of Her Peers,” Mrs. Hale describes both a style of quilting and a murder weapon when she utters the last words of the story: “We call it--knot it, Mr. Henderson” (Glaspell 210).
In the list of works cited, the work is alphabetized under Glaspell, not under the name of the editor of the anthology.
Example: Glaspell, Susan. “A Jury of Her Peers.” Literature and Its Writers: A Compact
Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Ed. Ann Charters and Samuel
Charters. 3rd ed. Boston: Bedford, 2004. 194-210. Print.
17. LEGAL SOURCE For well-known historical documents, such as the United States Constitution or Declaration of Independence, provide the document title, abbreviated and neither italicized nor in quotation marks, along with relevant article and section numbers: (US Const., art. 1, sec. 2). It is not necessary to provide a works cited entry.
For laws in the United States Code, provide the first few elements from the works cited entry: (12 USC).
For legislative acts and court cases, your in-text citation should name the act or case either in a signal phrase or in parentheses. In the text of a paper, names of cases are italicized, but names of acts are not.
Example: The Jones Act of 1917 granted US citizenship to Puerto Ricans.
In 1857, Chief Justice Roger B. Taney declared in the case of Dred Scott v. Sandford that blacks, whether enslaved or free, could not be citizens of the United States.
18. LITERARY WORKS WITHOUT PARTS OR LINE NUMBERS Many literary
works, such as most short stories and many novels and plays, do not have parts or line numbers that you can refer to. In such cases, simply cite the page number.
Example: At the end of Kate Chopin’s “The Story of an Hour,” Mrs. Mallard drops dead upon learning that her husband is alive. In the final irony of the story, doctors report that she has died of a “joy that kills” (25).
19. VERSE PLAYS AND POEMS For verse plays, MLA recommends giving act, scene, and line numbers that can be located in any edition of the work. Use Arabic numerals, and separate the numbers with periods.
Example: In Shakespeare’s King Lear, Gloucester, blinded for suspected treason, learns a profound lesson from his tragic experience: “A man may see how this world goes / with no eyes” (4.2.148-49).
For a poem, cite the part (if there are a number of parts) and the line numbers, separated by a period.
Example: When Homer’s Odysseus comes to the hall of Circe, he finds his men “mild / in her soft spell, fed on her drug of evil” (10.209-10).
For poems that are not divided into parts, use line numbers. For a first reference, use the word “lines”: (lines 5-8). Thereafter use just the numbers: (12-13).
20. NOVELS WITH NUMBERED DIVISIONS When a novel has numbered
divisions, put the page number first, followed by a semicolon, and then indicate the book, part, or chapter in which the passage may be found. Use abbreviations such as “pt.” and “ch.”
Example: One of Kingsolver’s narrators, teenager Rachel, pushes her vocabulary beyond its limits. For example, Rachel complains that being forced to live in the Congo with her missionary family is “a sheer tapestry of justice” because her chances of finding a boyfriend are “dull and void” (117; bk. 2, ch. 10).
21. SACRED TEXTS When citing a sacred text such as Holy Bible or The Qur’an, name the edition you are using in your works cited entry. In your parenthetical citation, give the book, chapter, and verse (or their equivalent), separated by periods. Common abbreviations for books of the Bible are acceptable.
Example: Consider the words of Solomon: “If your enemies are hungry, give them food to eat. If they are thirsty, give them water to drink” (Holy Bible, Prov. 25.21).
22. LECTURE In your parenthetical citation, list the last name of the person giving the lecture.
Example: “Academic chairs are many, but wise and noble teachers are few; lecture-rooms are numerous and large, but the number of young people who genuinely thirst after truth and justice is small” (Einstein).
I. Works cited is a list of all sources that you cited in your research paper.
II. All entries are arranged alphabetically by the author's last name. If no author (or editor) is given, the first word of the title is used, except for the words “A”, “An”, and “The”.
III. Entries should not be numbered.
IV. If the entry takes more than one line, the first line is not indented, but all other lines are indented five spaces.
V. If the entry extends more than one line, each succeeding line is double spaced in typing. Also double space between entries.
VI. All documentation must match the works listed on the works cited page.
VII. Works Cited should be in standard margin format with the same font from the rest of the paper.
Citation at a glance: Book
To cite a book in MLA style, include the following elements in this order:
1 Author
2 Title and subtitle
3 City of publication
4 Publisher
5 Date of publication
6 Medium of publication
Citation at a glance: Article in a periodical
To cite an article in a periodical in MLA style, include the following elements in this order:
1 Author
2 Title of article
3 Name of periodical
4 Date of publication
5 Page numbers
6 Medium of publication
Citation at a glance: Short work from a Website
To cite a short work from a website in MLA style, include the following elements in this order:
1 Author
2 Title of short work
3 Title of Web site
4 Sponsor or publisher of site
5 Date of publication or latest update
6 Medium of publication
7 Date of access
Citation at a glance: Article from a database
To cite an article from a database in MLA style, include the following elements in this order:
1 Author
2 Title of article
3 Name of periodical, volume and issue numbers
4 Date of publication
5 Inclusive pages
6 Name of database
7 Medium of database
8 Date of access
General guidelines for listing authors
Alphabetize entries in the list of works cited by authors’ last names (if a work has no author, alphabetize it by its editor or its title). The author’s name is important because citations in the text of the paper refer to it, and readers will be looking for it at the beginning of an entry in the alphabetized list.
1. BASIC FORMAT FOR A BOOK For most print books, arrange the information into four units, each followed by a period and one space: the author’s name; the title and subtitle (italicized); the place of publication, the publisher, and the date; and the medium of publication (“Print”).
Example:
Brokaw, Tom. The Greatest Generation. New York: Random House, 1998. Print.
Note: Take the information about the book from its title page and copyright page. Use a short form of the publisher’s name; omit terms such as Press, Inc., and Co. except when naming university presses (Harvard UP, for example). If the copyright page lists more than one date, use the most recent one.
2. MULTIPLE AUTHORS For works with two or three authors, name the authors in the order in which they are listed in the source. Reverse the name of only the first author.
Examples:
Taylor, Dan, and Benjamin Buford Blue. Shrimpin’ with the Lieutenant. Greenbow:
Doubleday, 1994. Print.
Tinker, Joe, Johnny Evers, and Frank Chance. The Saddest of Possible Words:
New York: Oxford, 1998. Print.
For a work with four or more authors, either name all of the authors or name the first author followed by “et al.” (Latin for “and others”).
Stuhldreher, Harry, Don Miller, Jim Crowley, and Elmer Layden. The Four Horsemen.
Chicago: Random House, 2003. Print.
or
Stuhldreher, Harry, et al. The Four Horsemen. Chicago: Random House, 2003. Print.
3. CORPORATE AUTHOR When the author of a print document or a website is a corporation, a government agency, or some other organization, begin your entry with the name of the group.
American Heart Association. Living a Heart Healthy Life. New York: Houghton Mifflin,
2005. Print.
4. UNKNOWN AUTHOR When the author of a work is unknown, short works, such as brief documents from websites, are put in quotation marks. Titles of books and other long works, such as entire websites, are italicized or underlined.
Article or other short work
“Living Old.” Frontline. PBS, 21 Nov. 2006. Web. 19 Nov. 2008.
Book or other long work
Atlas of the World. New York: Crescent Books, 1979. Print.
Before concluding that the author of a web source is unknown, check carefully. Also remember that an organization may be the author.
5. TWO OR MORE WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR If your list of works cited includes two or more works by the same author, use the author’s name only for the first entry. For other entries, use three hyphens followed by a period. The three hyphens must stand for exactly the same name or names as in the first entry. List the titles in alphabetical order (ignoring the article A, An, or The at the beginning of a title).
Schlosser, Eric. Chew on This: Everything You Don’t Want to Know About Fast Food.
Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2006. Print.
---. Fast Food Nation. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2001. Print.
6. AUTHOR WITH AN EDITOR Begin with the author and title, followed by the name of the editor. In this case the abbreviation “Ed.” means “Edited by,” so it is the same for one or multiple editors.
Plath, Sylvia. The Unabridged Journals of Sylvia Plath. Ed. Karen V. Kukil. New York:
Anchor-Doubleday, 2000. Print.
7. AUTHOR WITH A TRANSLATOR Begin with the name of the author. After the title, write “Trans.” (for “Translated by”) and the name of the translator.
Garcia-Marquez, Gabriel. One Hundred Years of Solitude. Trans. Gregory Rabassa. New
York: HarperPerennial, 1998. Print.
8. BOOK WITH AN EDITOR AND NO AUTHOR An entry for a work with an editor is similar to that for a work with an author except that the name is followed by a comma and the abbreviation “ed.” for “editor” (or “eds.” for “editors”).
Eggers, David, ed. The Best American Nonrequired Reading, 2008. Boston: Houghton
Mifflin, Print.
9. WORK IN AN ANTHOLOGY Begin with the name of the author of the selection, not with the name of the editor of the anthology. Then give the title of the selection; the title of the anthology; the name of the editor (preceded by “Ed.” for “Edited by”); publication information; the pages on which the selection appears; and the medium of publication.
Achebe, Chinua. “The Sacrificial Egg.” Colonial and Postcolonial Fiction: an Anthology.
Ed. Robert L. Ross. New York: Routledge, 1999. 23-28. Print.
10. EDITION OTHER THAN THE FIRST If you are citing an edition other than the first, include the number of the edition after the title (or after the names of any translators or editors that appear after the title): 2nd ed., 3rd ed., and so on.
Auletta, Ken. The Underclass. 2nd ed. Woodstock: Overlook, 2000. Print.
11. MULTIVOLUME WORK When citing the entire set, include the total number of volumes before the city and publisher, using the abbreviation “vols.” If the volumes were published over several years, give the inclusive dates of publication.
Knight, Judson. Parents Aren’t Supposed to Like It: Rock and Other Pop Musicians of
Today. Ed. Allison McNeill. 3 vols. Detroit: UXL, 2002. Print.
When citing only one volume, include the volume number before the city and publisher and give the date of publication for that volume. After the date, give the medium of publication followed by the total number of volumes.
Knight, Judson. Parents Aren’t Supposed to Like It: Rock and Other Pop Musicians of
Today. Ed. Allison McNeill. Vol. 2. Detroit: UXL, 2002. Print. 3 vols.
12. ENCYCLOPEDIA OR DICTIONARY ENTRY When an encyclopedia or a dictionary is well known, simply list the author of the entry (if there is one), the title of the entry, the title of the reference work, the edition number (if any), and the date of the
edition.
Honig, Donald. “Baseball.” World Book Encyclopedia. 2009. Print.
“Tomfoolery.” Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary. 11th ed. 2004. Print.
Volume and page numbers are not necessary here because the entries in the source are arranged alphabetically and therefore are easy to locate.
If a reference work is not well known, provide full publication information as well.
13. SACRED TEXT Give the title of the edition of the sacred text (taken from the title page), italicized; the editor’s or translator’s name (if any); publication information; and the medium of publication.
Holy Bible. Wheaton: Tyndale, 2005. Print.
The Qur’an: Translation. Trans. Abdullah Yusuf Ali. Elmhurst: Tahrike, 2000. Print.
14. FOREWORD, INTRODUCTION, PREFACE, OR AFTERWORD Begin with the author of the foreword or other book part, followed by the name of that part. Then give the title of the book; the author of the book, preceded by the word “By”; and the editor of the book (if any). After the publication information, give the inclusive page numbers for the part of the book being cited. End with the medium of publication.
Morris, Jan. Introduction. Letters from the Field, 1925-1975. By Margaret Mead. New
York: Perennial-Harper, 2001. xix-xxiii. Print.
If the book part being cited has a title, include it in quotation marks immediately after the author’s name.
Ozick, Cynthia. “Portrait of the Essay as a Warm Body.” Introduction. The Best
American Essays 1998. Ed. Jones, Pete. Boston: Houghton, 1998. xv-xxi. Print.
15. BOOK WITH A TITLE IN ITS TITLE If the book title contains a title normally italicized, neither italicize the internal title nor place it in quotation marks.
Woodson, Jon. A Study of Joseph Heller’s Catch-22: Going Around Twice. New York:
Lang, 2001. Print.
If the title within the title is normally put in quotation marks, retain the quotation marks and italicize the entire title.
Hawkins, Hunt, and Brian W. Shaffer, eds. Approaches to Teaching Conrad’s “Heart of
Darkness” and “The Secret Sharer.” New York: Modern Language Association,
2002. Print.
16. BOOK IN A SERIES After the publication information, put the medium of publication, and then the series name as it appears on the title page, followed by the series number, if any.
Heale, Jay. Madagascar. New York : Marshall Cavendish, 1998. Print. Cultures of the
World. 24.
17. REPUBLISHED BOOK After the title of the book, cite the original publication date, followed by the current publication information. If the republished book contains new material, such as an introduction or afterword, include information about the new material after the original date.
Hughes, Langston. Black Misery. 1969. Afterword Robert O’Meally. New York: Oxford
UP, 2000. Print.
18. PUBLISHER’S IMPRINT If a book was published by an imprint (a division) of a publishing company, link the name of the imprint and the name of the publisher with a hyphen, putting the imprint first.
Truan, Barry. Acoustic Communication. Westport: Ablex-Greenwood, 2000. Print.
Articles in periodicals
This section shows how to prepare works cited entries for articles in magazines, scholarly journals, and newspapers. In addition to consulting the models in this section, you will at times need to turn to other models as well:
• More than one author: item 2
• Corporate author: item 3
• Unknown author: item 4
• Article from a database service: item 31
• Online article: items 32 and 33
19. ARTICLE IN A MAGAZINE List, in order, separated by periods, the author’s name; the title of the article, in quotation marks; and the title of the magazine, italicized. Then give the date and the page numbers, separated by a colon. If the magazine is issued monthly, give just the month and year. Abbreviate the names of the months except May, June, and July. Give the medium of publication at the end.
Fay, J. Michael. “Land of the Surfing Hippos.” National Geographic Aug. 2004: 100+.
Print.
If the magazine is issued weekly, give the exact date.
Lord, Lewis. “There’s Something about Mary Todd.” US News and World Report 19
Feb. 2001: 53. Print.
NOTE: For articles appearing on consecutive pages, provide the range of pages (see item 20). When an article does not appear on consecutive pages, give the number of the first page followed by a plus sign: 32+.
20. ARTICLE IN A JOURNAL All entries must have both volume and issue numbers for all journals. Separate the volume and issue numbers with a period. Include the medium of publication at the end.
Ryan, Katy. “Revolutionary Suicide in Toni Morrison’s Fiction.” African American
Review 34.3 (2000): 389-412. Print.
21. ARTICLE IN A DAILY NEWSPAPER Begin with the name of the author, if known, followed by the title of the article. Next give the name of the newspaper, the date, and the page numbers (including the section letter). If the article does not appear on consecutive pages, use a plus sign (+) after the page number. Include the medium of publication at the end.
Brummitt, Chris. “Indonesia’s Food Needs Expected to Soar.” Boston Globe 1 Feb. 2005:
A7. Print.
If the section is marked with a number rather than a letter, handle the entry as follows:
Wilford, John Noble. “In a Golden Age of Discovery, Faraway Worlds Beckon.” New
York Times 9 Feb. 1997, late ed., sec. 1: 1+. Print.
When an edition of the newspaper is specified on the masthead, name the edition after the date and before the page reference (eastern ed., late ed., natl. ed., and so on), as in the example just given.
If the city of publication is not obvious, include it in brackets after the name of the newspaper: City Paper [Washington].
22. EDITORIAL IN A NEWSPAPER Cite an editorial as you would an article with an unknown author, adding the word “Editorial” after the title.
“Invasion of the Blue Smurfs.” Editorial. L.A. Times 23 Feb. 2010: A14. Print.
23. LETTER TO THE EDITOR Name the writer, followed by the word “Letter” and the publication information for the periodical in which the letter appears.
Minola, Katherine. Letter. Padua Plain Dealer 10 Feb. 2009: A11. Print.
24. BOOK OR FILM REVIEW Name the reviewer and the title of the review, if any, followed by the words “Rev. of” and the title and author or director of the work reviewed. Add the publication information for the periodical in which the review appears.
Gleick, Elizabeth. “The Burdens of Genius.” Rev. of The Last Samurai, by Helen
DeWitt. Time 4 Dec. 2000: 171. Print.
Lane, Anthony. “Dream On.” Rev. of The Science of Sleep and Renaissance, dir. Michel
Gondry. New Yorker 25 Sept. 2006:155-57. Print.
Electronic sources
This section shows how to prepare works cited entries for a variety of electronic sources, including websites, online books, articles in online databases and periodicals, blogs, e-mail, and web postings.
MLA guidelines assume that users can locate most online sources by entering the author, title, or other identifying information in a search engine or a database. Consequently, the MLA Style Manual does not require a web address (URL) in citations for online sources. Some instructors may require a URL. for an example, see the note at the end of item 22.
MLA style calls for a sponsor or publisher for most online sources. If a source has no sponsor or publisher, use the abbreviation “N.p.” (for “No publisher”) in the sponsor position. If there is no date of publication or update, use “n.d.” (for “no date”) after the sponsor.
25. AN ENTIRE WEB SITE Begin with the name of the author or editor and the title of the site, italicized. Then give the sponsor or publisher of the site; the date of publication or last update; the medium (“Web”); and the date you accessed the source. If the website has no title, substitute a description, such as “Home page,” for the title, neither italicized nor in quotation marks.
With author
Peterson, Susan Lynn. The Life of Martin Luther. Susan Lynn Peterson, 2002. Web. 12
Jan. 2009.
With corporate (group) author
United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Drinking Water Standards. EPA, 28
Nov. 2006. Web. 24 Apr. 2009.
Author unknown
Margaret Sanger Papers Project. History Dept., New York U, 18 Oct. 2000. Web. 6 Jan.
2007.
With editor
Halsall, Paul, ed. Internet Modern History Sourcebook. Fordham U, 22 Sept. 2001. Web.
19 Jan. 2007.
With no title
Yoon, Mina. Home page. Oak Ridge Natl. Laboratory, 28 Dec. 2006. Web. 12 Jan. 2007.
NOTE: If your instructor requires a URL for web sources, include the URL, enclosed in angle brackets, at the end of the entry. When a URL in a works cited entry must be divided at the end of a line, break it after a slash. Do not insert a hyphen.
Peterson, Susan Lynn. The Life of Martin Luther. Susan Lynn Peterson, 2002. Web. 24
Jan. 2006. <http://www.susanlynnpeterson.com/index_files/luther.htm>.
26. SHORT WORK FROM A WEB SITE Short works include articles, poems, and other documents that are not book length or that appear as internal pages on a website. For a short work from a website, include the following elements: author’s name (if there is one); title of the short work, in quotation marks; title of the site, italicized; sponsor of the site; date of publication or last update; medium; and date you accessed the source.
With author
Shiva, Vandana. “Bioethics: A Third World Issue.” NativeWeb. NativeWeb, n.d. Web.
22 Sep. 2008.
Author unknown
“Living Old.” Frontline. PBS, 21 Nov. 2006. Web. 19 Nov. 2008.
27. ONLINE BOOK When a book or a book-length work such as a play or a long poem is posted on the web as its own site, give the title of the work and the print publication information, if available. Follow with the title of the website on which the book appears, the medium, and your date of access. (See also the models for print books, items 6–18.)
Rawlins, Gregory J. E. Moths to the Flame. Cambridge: MIT P, 1996. The MIT Press.
Web. 5 Mar. 2009.
Jacobs, Harriet A. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl: Written by Herself. Ed. L. Maria
Child. Boston, 1861. Documenting the American South. Web. 8 Jan. 2009.
28. PART OF AN ONLINE BOOK Place the title of the book part before the book’s title. If the part is a chapter or a short work such as a poem or an essay, put its title in quotation marks. If the part is an introduction or other division of the book, do not use quotation marks. If the book part has no page numbers, use “N. pag.” following the publication information. End with the website on which the work is found, the medium, and your date of access.
Adams, Henry. “Diplomacy.” The Education of Henry Adams. Boston: Houghton, 1918.
N. pag. Bartleby.com: Great Books Online. Web. 16 Jan. 2008.
29. WORK FROM A DATABASE SERVICE For sources retrieved from a library’s subscription database service, such as ProQuest or EBSCOhost first list the publication information for the source (see items 20–26). Then give the name of the database, such as Academic Search Premier or Expanded Academic ASAP, italicized and its publisher; the medium; and your date of access. In the examples below, the first source is a scholarly article in a journal (see item 20); the second is an article in a bimonthly magazine (see item 19); and the third is an article in a newspaper (see item 21).
Moorcroft, William H. "The Neuropsychology of Dreams: A Clinico-Anatomical Study."
American Scientist 86.2 (1998): 197. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center.
Gale. Web. 26 Oct. 2008.
Barrera, Rebeca María. “Visit the World with Your Child.” Scholastic Parent and Child
Nov.-Dec. 2005: 44-50. MasterFILE Premier. EBSCOhost. Web. 1 Mar. 2009.
Herszenhorn, David M. “Stimulus Plan Encounters Stiff Resistance in Senate.” New York
Times 31 Jan. 2009, late ed.: A14. ProQuest National Newspapers Expanded.
ProQuest. Web. 18 Dec. 2008.
NOTE: When you access a work through a personal subscription service such as America Online (AOL), give the same information as for a library subscription database.
Conniff, Richard. “The House That John Built.” Smithsonian Feb. 2001. America Online.
Web. 10 Apr. 2009.
30. ARTICLE IN AN ONLINE JOURNAL When citing an article in an online journal, give publication information as for a print journal (see item 21), using “n. pag.” if the source does not have page numbers. Then give the medium and your date of access.
Riello, Giorgio. “East & West: Textiles and Fashion in Early Modern Europe.” Journal of
Social History 41.4 (2008): 887-916. Web. 20 Apr. 2009.
31. ARTICLE IN AN ONLINE MAGAZINE OR NEWSPAPER For magazine and newspaper articles found online, give the author; the title of the article (in quotation marks); the title of the magazine or newspaper (italicized); the sponsor or publisher of the site (use “N.p.” if there is none); the date of publication; the medium; and your date of access.
An online magazine
McGirk, Tim. “Jerusalem Divided.” Time.com. Time, 21 Nov. 2007. Web. 18 Feb.
2008.
An online newspaper
Bruno, Laura. “Schools in Morris Safer, Latest Report Shows.” DailyRecord.com.
Gannett, 16 Sep. 2008. Web. 22 Jan. 2009.
32. AN ENTIRE WEBLOG (BLOG) Cite a blog as you would an entire website (see item 25). Give the author’s name; the title of the blog, italicized; the sponsor or publisher of the blog (use “N.p.” if there is none); and the date of most recent update. Then give the medium and your date of access.
Shin, Annys, Yian Q. Mui, and Nancy Trejos. The Checkout. Washington Post, 24 Dec.
2008. Web. 25 Feb. 2009.
33. AN ENTRY IN A WEBLOG (BLOG) Cite an entry or a comment (a response to an entry) in a Weblog as you would a short work from a website (see item 26). Give the author of the entry or comment and the title of the entry, if any, in quotation marks; if
the entry does not have a title, use the label “Weblog entry” or “Weblog comment.” Follow with the title of the blog, italicized, and the remaining information as for an entire blog in item 34.
Shin, Annys. “Cribs Recalled after Child is Poisoned by Lead Paint.” The Checkout.
Washington Post, 23 Dec. 2008. Web. 10 Mar. 2009.
Bollea, Terry. Weblog comment. The Checkout. Washington Post, 23 Dec. 2008. Web.
10 Mar. 2009.
34. CD-ROM Treat a CD-ROM as you would any other source, but add the medium (“CD-ROM”). For a book on CD-ROM, add the medium after the publication information. For an article in a CD-ROM database such as ERIC, give the medium and then the database title, italicized; the vendor; and the publication date of the database.
“Pimpernel.” The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed.
Boston: Houghton, 2000. CD-ROM.
Wattenberg, Ruth. “Helping Students in the Middle.” American Educator 19.4 (1996): 2-
18. CD-ROM. ERIC. SilverPlatter. Sept. 1996.
35. E-MAIL To cite an e-mail message, begin with the writer’s name and the subject line. Then write “Message to” followed by the name of the recipient. End with the date of the message and the medium (“E-mail”).
Rubenfeld, Paul. “Review questions.” Message to the author. 8 Dec. 2008. E-mail.
36. POSTING TO AN ONLINE DISCUSSION LIST When possible, cite archived versions of postings. If you cannot locate an archived version, keep a copy of the posting for your records. Begin with the author’s name, followed by the title or subject line, in quotation marks (use the label “Online posting” if the posting has no title); the title of the website on which the discussion list is found, italicized; the sponsor or publisher of the site (use “N.p.” if there is none); the date of publication; the medium; and your date of access.
Fainton, Peter. “Re: Backlash against New Labour.” Media Lens Message Board. Media
Lens, 7 May 2008. Web. 30 May 2008.
Multimedia sources (including online versions)
Multimedia sources include visuals (such as works of art), audio works (such as sound recordings), audiovisuals (such as films), podcasts, and live events. Give the medium for all multimedia sources, usually at the end of the citation and not italicized or in quotation marks (for instance, “Print,” “Web,” “Radio,” “Television,” “CD,” “Audiocassette,” “Film,” “Videocassette,” “DVD,” “Performance,” “Lecture,” “PDF file,” “Microsoft Word file,” “JPEG file”).
37. WORK OF ART Cite the artist’s name; the title of the artwork, italicized; the date of composition; the medium of composition (for instance, “Lithograph on paper,” “Photograph,” “Charcoal on paper”); and the institution and city in which the artwork can be found. For artworks found online, omit the medium of composition and include the title of the website on which you found the work, the medium, and your date of access.
da Vinci, Leonardo. Mona Lisa. 1503-1506. Oil on poplar. Musee du Louvre, Paris.
Picasso, Pablo. Head of the Medical Student. 1907. Museum of Mod. Art, New York.
MoMA: The Museum of Modern Art. Web. 26 Feb. 2009.
38. CARTOON Give the cartoonist’s name; the title of the cartoon if it has one, in quotation marks; the label “Cartoon” or “Comic strip”; publication information; and medium. To cite an online cartoon, instead of publication information give the title
of the website; the sponsor or publisher; the medium; and your date of access.
Watterson, Bill. “Calvin and Hobbes” Comic strip. Collegiate Times 23-29 May 2002:
14. Print.
39. ADVERTISEMENT Name the product or company being advertised, followed by the word “Advertisement.” Give publication information or online information for the source in which the advertisement appears.
Lipton Green Tea. Advertisement. People Feb. 2009: 9. Print.
Arbella Insurance. Advertisement. Boston.com. NY Times, n.d. Web. 3 June 2008.
40. MAP OR CHART Cite a map or a chart as you would a book or a short work within a longer work. Use the word “Map” or “Chart” following the title. Add the medium and, for an online source, the sponsor or publisher and the date of access.
Joseph, Lori, and Bob Laird. “Driving While Phoning Is Dangerous.” Chart. USA Today
16 Feb. 2001: 1A. Print.
“Italy.” Map. CountryReports.org. CountryReports.org, 2 Feb. 2001. Web. 22 Feb. 2009.
41. MUSICAL SCORE Cite the composer’s name followed by the title of the work, italicized; the date of composition; the place of publication; the name of the publisher and date of publication; and the medium. If you found the score online, give the composer; the title of the work, italicized; the date of composition; the title of the website; the publisher or sponsor of the site; the date of web publication; the medium; and your date of access.
Handel, G. F. Messiah: An Oratorio. N.d. CCARH Publications: Scores and Parts.
Center for Computer Assisted Research in the Humanities, 2003. Web. 5 Apr.
2008.
42. SOUND RECORDING Begin with the name of the person you want to emphasize: the composer (“Comp.”), conductor (“Cond.”), or performer (“Perf.”). For a long work, give the title, italicized, followed by names of pertinent artists (such as performers, readers, or musicians) and the orchestra and conductor (if relevant). End with the manufacturer, the date, and the medium (“CD,” “Audiocassette”).
Bizet, Georges. Carmen. Perf. Jennifer Laramore, Thomas Moser, Angela Gheorghiu,
and Samuel Ramey. Bavarian State Orch. and Chorus. Cond. Giuseppe Sinopoli.
Warner, 1996. CD.
For a song, put the title in quotation marks. If you include the name of the album or CD, italicize it.
Clarkson, Kelly. “A Moment Like This.” Thankful. RCA, 2003. CD.
43. FILM OR VIDEO Begin with the title, italicized. Cite the director (“Dir.”) and the lead actors (“Perf.”) or narrator (“Narr.”); the distributor; the year of the film’s release; and the medium (“Film,” “DVD,” “Videocassette”).
Finding Nemo. Dir. Andrew Stanton. Perf. Albert Brooks, Ellen DeGeneres, Alexander
Gould and Willem Defoe. Walt Disney Pictures, 2003. DVD.
It’s a Wonderful Life. Dir. Frank Capra. Perf. James Stewart, and Donna Reed. Republic
Pictures, 1946. Videocassette.
44. RADIO OR TELEVISION PROGRAM Begin with the title of the radio segment or television episode (if there is one), in quotation marks; then give the title of the program or series, italicized; relevant information about the program, such as the writer (“By”), director (“Dir.”), performers (“Perf.”), or host (“Host”); the network; the local station (if any) and location; the date of broadcast; and the medium (“Television,” “Radio”). For a program you accessed online, after the information about the program give the network, the title of the website, the medium (“Web”), and your date of access.
“New Orleans.” American Experience. Narr. Jeffrey Wright. PBS. WGBH, Boston, 12
Feb. 2007. Television.
“Elif Shafak: Writing under a Watchful Eye.” Fresh Air. Host Terry Gross. Natl. Public
Radio. NPR.org. Web. 22 Feb. 2007.
45. RADIO OR TELEVISION INTERVIEW Begin with the name of the person who was interviewed, followed by the word “Interview” and the interviewer’s name, if relevant. End with information about the program as in item 46.
McGovern, George. Interview by Charlie Rose. Charlie Rose. PBS. WNET, New York, 1
Feb. 2001. Television.
46. PODCAST A podcast can refer to digital audio content - downloadable lectures, interviews, or essays - or to the method of delivery. Treat a podcast as you would a short work from a website (see item 26), giving the medium of delivery (such as “Web,” MP3 file,” “MPEG-4 video file”) before your date of access.
Patterson, Chris. “Will School Consolidation Improve Education?” Host Michael Quinn
Sullivan. Texas PolicyCast. Texas Public Policy Foundation, 13 Apr. 2006. MP3
file. 10 Jan. 2007.
47. LIVE PERFORMANCE For a live performance of a play, a ballet, an opera, or a concert, begin with the title of the work performed, italicized. Then give the author or composer of the work (“By”); relevant information such as the director (“Dir.”), the choreographer (“Chor.”), the conductor (“Cond.”), or the major performers (“Perf.”); the theater, ballet, or opera company, if any; the theater and location; the date of the performance; and the label “Performance.”
Art. By Yasmina Reza. Dir. Matthew Warchus. Perf. Philip Franks, Leigh Lawson, and
Simon Shephard. Whitehall Theatre, London. 3 Dec. 2001. Performance.
Cello Concerto no. 2. By Eric Tanguy. Cond. Seiji Ozawa. Perf. Mstislav Rostropovich.
Boston Symphony Orch. Symphony Hall, Boston 5 Apr. 2002. Performance.
48. LECTURE OR PUBLIC ADDRESS Cite the speaker’s name, followed by the title of the lecture (if any), in quotation marks; the organization sponsoring the lecture; the location; the date; and a label such as “Lecture” or “Address.”
Wellbery, David E. “On a Sentence of Franz Kafka.” Franke Inst. for the Humanities.
Gleacher Center, Chicago. 1 Feb. 2006. Lecture.
49. PERSONAL INTERVIEW To cite an interview that you conducted, begin with the name of the person interviewed. Then write “Personal interview” or “Telephone interview” followed by the date of the interview.
Mapother, Thomas. Personal interview. 12 Sep. 2007.
Other sources (including online versions)
This section includes a variety of print sources not covered elsewhere. For sources obtained on the web, consult the appropriate model in this section and give required information for an online source (see items 25–36); then end the citation with the medium and your access date.
50. GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION Treat the government agency as the author, giving the name of the government followed by the name of the agency. For print sources, add the medium at the end of the entry. For online sources, follow the model for an entire website (item 25) or a short work from a website (item 26).
United States. Dept. of Labor. America’s Dynamic Workforce. Washington: US Dept. of
Labor, 2004. Print.
United States. Dept. of Transportation. Natl. Highway Traffic Safety Administration. An
Investigation of the Safety Implications of Wireless Communications in Vehicles.
Natl. Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Nov. 1999. Web. 20 May 2008.
51. LEGAL SOURCE For the United States Constitution and laws in the United States Code (USC), give the title, section, or article number, as appropriate. Add the medium at the end of the entry for a print source or before the date of access for an online source. For a US Code item, alphabetize under U, as if United States Code were spelled out.
12 USC. Sec. 3412. 2000. Print.
For a legislative act, begin with the name of the act, neither italicized nor in quotation marks. Then provide the act’s Public Law number; its Statutes at Large volume and page numbers; its date of enactment; and the medium of publication.
Electronic Freedom of Information Act Amendments of 1996. Pub. L. 104-231. 110 Stat.
3048. 2 Oct. 1996. Print.
For a court case, name the first plaintiff and first defendant. Then give the law report number; the court name; the year of the decision; and information about the medium in which you found the case. In a works cited entry, the name of the case is not italicized.
Utah v. Evans. 536 US 452. Supreme Court of the US. 2002. Supreme Court Collection.
Legal Information Inst., Cornell U Law School, n.d. Web. 30 Apr. 2008.
52. PAMPHLET Cite a pamphlet as you would a book (see items 1–18).
Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Dept. of Jury Commissioner. A Few Facts about Jury
Duty. Boston: Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 2004. Print.
53. DISSERTATION Begin with the author’s name, followed by the dissertation title in quotation marks; the abbreviation “Diss.”; the name of the institution; the year the dissertation was accepted; and the medium of the dissertation.
Jackson, Shelley. “Writing Whiteness: Contemporary Southern Literature in Black and
White.” Diss. U of Maryland, 2000. Print.
For dissertations that have been published in book form, italicize the title. After the title and before the book’s publication information, give the abbreviation “Diss.,” the name of the institution, and the year the dissertation was accepted. Add the medium of publication at the end.
Damberg, Cheryl L. Healthcare Reform: Distributional Consequences of an Employer
Mandate for Workers in Small Firms. Diss. Rand Graduate School, 1995. Santa
Monica: Rand, 1996. Print.
54. ABSTRACT OF A DISSERTATION Cite an abstract as you would an unpublished dissertation. After the dissertation date, give the abbreviation DA or DAI (for Dissertation Abstracts or Dissertation Abstracts International), followed by the volume
and issue numbers; the year of publication; inclusive page numbers or the item number; and the medium of publication.
Chen, Shu-Ling. “Mothers and Daughters in Morrison, Tan, Marshall, and Kincaid.”
Diss. U of Washington, 2000. DAI 61.6 (2000): 2289. Print.
55. PUBLISHED PROCEEDINGS OF A CONFERENCE Cite published conference proceedings as you would a book, adding information about the conference after the title.
Kartiganer, Donald M., and Ann J. Abadie. Faulkner at 100: Retrospect and Prospect.
Proc. of Faulkner and Yoknapatawpha Conf., 27 July-1 Aug. 1997, U of
Mississippi. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 2000. Print.
56. PUBLISHED INTERVIEW Name the person interviewed, followed by the title of the interview (if there is one). If the interview does not have a title, include the word “Interview” after the interviewee’s name. Give publication information for the
work in which the interview was published.
Armstrong, Lance. “Lance in France.” Sports Illustrated 28 June 2004: 46+. Print.
If the name of the interviewer is relevant, include it after the name of the interviewee.
Prince. Interview by Bilge Ebiri. Yahoo! Internet Life 7.6 (2001): 82-85. Print.
57. PERSONAL LETTER To cite a letter that you have received, begin with the writer’s name and add the phrase “Letter to the author,” followed by the date. Add the medium (“MS” for “manuscript,” or a handwritten letter, “TS” for “typescript,” or a
typed letter).
Baker, Norma Jean. Letter to the author. 5 May 2005. TS.
58. ENTRY IN A WIKI A wiki is an online reference that is openly edited by its users. Treat it as you would a short work from a website (see item 26). Because wiki content is, by definition, collectively edited and continually updated, do not include an author. Include the title of the entry; the name of the wiki, italicized; the sponsor or publisher of the wiki (use “N.p.” if there is none); the date of last update; the medium; and your date of access.
“Country Music.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 27 Feb. 2009. Web. 28 Feb. 2009.
“Negation in Languages.” UniLang.org. UniLang, 22 Apr. 2006. Web. 15 Mar. 2007.
Using the Library as a research tool:
I. Arrangement of materials
A. The non-fictional material in the library is arranged by the Dewey Decimal System. This system organizes works on a similar subject under a similar number.
Category Number Subjects
General 000-099 Bibliographies, Encyclopedias, Journalism
Philosophy 100-199 Psychology, Logic, Ethics, Philosophy
Religion 200-299 Bible, Theology, Religions
Social Science 300-399 Politics, Economics, Law, Education, Careers, Folklore
Languages 400-499 Dictionaries, National Languages, Literatures in the Original
Science 500-599 Mathematics, Astronomy, Physics, Chemistry, Earth Science, Botany
Technology 600-699 Medicine, Health, Engineering, Domestic ARts, Business, Building
Arts 700-799 Architecture, Sculpture, Painting, Photography, Music, Theatre, Recreation
Literature 800-899 Poetry, Plays, Orations
History 900-999 All countries
Biography 92, B Individual Biographies
Biography 920 Collective Biographies
B. Works of fiction are divided into novels, short story collections, and graphic novels and are shelved alphabetically by the author’s last name.
II. Locating information in the library
A. Print Materials -
Access to the library’s print collection is through the automated catalog system. This system is available at all workstations on the library’s computer network. Materials may be accessed by author, title, subject or keyword searches.
B. Website –
Internet access is available on all computers. The individual school library websites are as follows, Morris Hills – http://www.mhrd.k12.nj.us/mhhs/library/default.htm and Morris Knolls - http://www.mhrd.k12.nj.us/mk/library/. Our websites provide access to online databases, e-books and subject area websites.
C. Other Computer Resources –
In addition to the automated catalog, the network provides access to the following databases:
* Online Databases
Discovering Collection
Ebsco Magazines
Facts on File (FOF)
FOF—World Geography and Culture
FOF—American History
FOF—American Women’s History
FOF—African–American History
FOF—American Indian History
FOF—Modern World History
FOF—Ancient and Medieval History
FOF—Science Online
FOF—Health Resources
FOF—Bloom’s Literary Reference
FOF—Ferguson’s Career Guidance
FOF—Curriculum Resource Center
Issues – Understanding Controversy
JSTOR
Literary Reference Center
NewsBank
Noodle Tools
Opposing Viewpoints
Oxford Art
Proquest Research Library
· Career and Tech
· AP Science
US History
United States at War
World Book Encyclopedia
World History
World History – Modern Era
* E-Books
GVRL - Gale Virtual Reference Library
Salem Health
Salem History
Salem Literature
Salem Science
II. Special Interests
Remote access passwords are available in the library.
Microsoft Office applications are available on all student workstations.
The library provides a copy machine for students to reproduce a single copy only.
Following are sample pages from a paper done in-text/parenthetical style.
Thesis: Dylan Thomas’ use of paradox and imagery acts as an excellent vehicle to show his belief that humankind should not approach death without a fight, and that death is only part of the cycle of life.
I. Use of paradox
A. Paradox in situation
1. Poem as paradox
2. Occurrence as paradox
B. Paradox in meaning
1. Paradox within a word
2. Paradox within interpretation
II. Use of imagery
A. Imagery with a word
B. Imagery throughout a poem
III. Approach to death
A. Time to fight bravely
B. Time to accept bravely
IV. Cycle of life
A. Return to elements
B. Rebirth into nature
Sample Body
This is because new life will grow from their old bodies and their existence will continue forever through the life force they provide in their death (Knepper 2884). The dead are therefore, reborn into the cycle of nature, not into another specific being. Immortality is a “spiritual consequence of the unity of matter” (Korg 31). In simpler terms, no matter is lost, and all aspects of a person live on eternally (31).
These points are all evident in the poem. Thomas says that “dead men naked they shall lie as one” and soon “their bones are picked clean and their clean bones gone” (77). By this he means that all people will die and decompose into the ground until they seem to be gone. This is not entirely true, however, as the poet points out “they shall rise again” and “heads of the characters hammer through daises” (77). The dead shall join life again as through their bodies, flowers and new life will grow. The title, “And Death Shall Have No Dominion” conveys the critical message of the poem. Death in itself is not a permanent, housing thing. Only life has its own dominion (77).
Another poem that shows Thomas’s belief that death is only part of the life cycle is “A Refusal to Mourn the Death, by Fire of a Child in London.” The poem states that a child’s death will not be mourned until the end of the world. This is because the living are constantly dying and returning to the cycle; only when all life is dead and gone is any life dead. In the meantime, “Thomas wishes to accept the natural and inevitable processes of life” (Ackerman 118). Therefore, he does not mourn. Death is just part of the process (117-118).
Sample Works Cited
Works Cited
Ackerman, John. Dylan Thomas: His Life and Works. New York: Oxford University P,
1964. Print.
Davies, Anerin Talfan. Dylan: Druid of the Broken Body. New York: Barnes and Noble,
Inc., 1966. Print.
Knepper, B.G. “Dylan Thomas.” The Writer July 1908. as reprinted in Frank N. Magill,
ed. Critical Survey of Poetry. 8 vols. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Salem P, 1982. Print.
Korg, Jacob. Dylan Thomas. New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc. 1965. Print.
Norris, Leslie. “Dylan Thomas.” The Writer July 1986 as reprinted in Ina Scott-Kilvert,
ed. British Writers. 7 vols., 2 supplements. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons,
1987.
Thomas, Dylan. The Collected Poems of Dylan Thomas. New York: New Directions,
1957. Print.
Reprinted from the Morris Hills Regional District, Student Planner 2010-2011